how to write a quantitative research report
Your ideas and argument should be soundly based on the data you collected, of course, but the Discussion is the place for describing complexities and expressing uncertainties as well as offering interpretations and explanations. Single men visit the restaurant more often than any other customers and constitute as much as 61% of the clientele on a few weekday evenings. DiscussionThe Discussion section of a quantitative paper is where you interpret your research results and discuss their implications. Finally, the last part of a Discussion usually provides concluding comments, so summarising your key points and clearly articulating the main messages you want your readers to take away with them are essential. Quantitative data is more efficient and able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail; Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible process of discovery; The development of standard questions by researchers can lead to "structural bias" and false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of the researcher instead of the participating subject; Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation; Researcher may collect a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset; Results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative and generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception; The research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of control can be applied to the exercise. (or any other guidelines you are following) for the necessary instructions. If only qualitative data was presented, the audience would have no “proof” or clear metrics to understand how conclusions were drawn or … These elements have been eliminated for brevity here, so do be sure to check the APA Manual (or any other guidelines you are following) for the necessary instructions. Explaining how the current research is related to the published scholarship as well as the specific problem is vital. Research questions, for instance, could be developed from that claim in the Quaintville Times as well as from the published scholarship: • Do families constitute the majority of Pudgy’s regular clientele?• Does the restaurant offer a decent family meal for a fair price?• Do families linger in the restaurant’s comfort and warmth?>• Do children use the indoor play area provided by the restaurant? These elements have been eliminated for brevity here, so do be sure to check the APA. What Is a Good H-Index Required for an Academic Position? A quantitative research paper with that title might start with a paragraph like this: Quaintville, located just off the main highway only five miles from the university campus, may normally be a sleepy community, but recent plans to close the only fast-food restaurant ever to grace its main street have been met with something of a public outcry. Surprises at a Local “Family” Restaurant: Example Quantitative Research Paper. Shunts, P. (2013). This APA style calls for parenthetical author–date citations in the paper’s main text (with page numbers when material is quoted) and a final list of complete references for all sources cited, so I have given a few sample references here. A quantitative analysis can give people the necessary information to make decisions about policy and planning for a program or organization. 12th ed. Make sure that non-textual elements do not stand in isolation from the text but are being used to supplement the overall description of the results and to help clarify key points being made. Empirical Political Analysis: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods. Quantitative Research Paper Guideline. Healthy families take time: The impact of fatty fast foods on child health. Example of a Quantitative Research Paper for Students & Researchers This example of a quantitative research paper is designed to help students and other researchers who are learning how to write about their work. An experimental design includes subjects measured before and after a particular treatment, the sample population may be very small and purposefully chosen, and it is intended to establish causality between variables. A good quantitative analysis leaves no questions about the quality of data and the authority of the conclusions. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. The Customer Fact Sheet proved particularly helpful when my classmate performed observations for me and was invaluable for evaluating the data I collected. Quantitative researchers try to recognize and isolate specific variables contained within the study framework, seek correlation, relationships and causality, and attempt to control the environment in which the data is collected to avoid the risk of variables, other than the one being studied, accounting for the relationships identified. It covers the following information: Identifies the research problem -- as with any academic study, you must state clearly and concisely the research problem being investigated. Here the hypotheses as well as the research questions established in the introductory material are important. ReferencesThese references follow APA style, but since special fonts may not display properly in all online situations, please note that the titles of books and the names and volume numbers of journals are (and should be) in italic font. They include shorter versions of the introductions, methods, findings and conclusions. Family diets, fast foods and unhealthy choices. The methods section of a quantitative study should describe how each objective of your study will be achieved. Sharpe, 2008; Singh, Kultar. Preset answers will not necessarily reflect how people really feel about a subject and, in some cases, might just be the closest match to the preconceived hypothesis. An experimental design includes subjects measured before and after a particular treatment, the sample population may be very small and purposefully chosen, and it is intended to establish causality between variables. Introduction Returning to your research questions to indicate exactly how the data you gathered answers them is an excellent way to stay focused and enable the selectivity that may be necessary to meet length requirements or maintain a clear line of argumentation. 7th edition. In some organisational templates, Conclusions are offered in a separate final section of the paper instead of at the end of the Discussion, so always check the guidelines. Each session was approximately four hours long, and I aimed to obtain an equivalent number of observations for all opening hours of the week (the restaurant’s hours are listed in Table 1), but course requirements made this difficult. Introduction: Introduce the subject of the study, why are you conducting the quantitative research work? In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability; Applying well established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies; You can summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time; and, Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a 'distance' from participating subjects and using accepted. This sheet ensured that vital details such as date, weather conditions, time of arrival, eat in or take out order, number in party, approximate age of individuals, food purchased, food consumed, healthy choices, amount spent, who paid, dessert or extra beverage, children playing, interaction with other children and families, time of departure and other important details were recorded in every case. A Results section for the Pudgy’s research project might start like this: The results of my investigation were both surprising and more complex than I had anticipated. Journal of Family Health & Diet, 37, 3–19. Even when the loosest definition of family as explained in my introduction is applied, only slightly over 25% (152) of the 600 Customer Fact Sheets record family visits to the restaurant. Indeed, I suspect those “poorest families” very rarely visit local restaurants at all, but my observations have revealed a great deal about who does eat at Pudgy’s, what they do when they are there and what kind of value the establishment actually has for Quaintville residents. • The analysis you performed to make sense of your results, such as counting customers, meals and behaviours and working out percentages and averages overall as well as for certain categories in order to answer the research questions. A descriptive study is governed by the following rules: subjects are generally measured once; the intention is to only establish associations between variables; and, the study may include a sample population of hundreds or thousands of subjects to ensure that a valid estimate of a generalized relationship between variables has been obtained. Remember as you analyse your data, reflect on your findings, determine their meaning and develop your argument that it is important to keep the limitations of your methodology and thus of your results and their implications clearly in mind. Working hypotheses can be constructed by anticipating answers to these questions. Their SAGE Research Methods Online and Cases database includes contents from books, articles, encyclopedias, handbooks, and videos covering social science research design and methods including the complete Little Green Book Series of Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences and the Little Blue Book Series of Qualitative Research techniques. Sharpe, 2008; Quantitative Research Methods. On all other days of the week, individual customers are the most frequent patrons, with their numbers hovering around 50% on most days. You can use bar graphs, line graphs or pie charts depending to convey the data. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2007. (2017, Autumn). Quantitative research focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning [i.e., the generation of a variety of ideas about a research problem in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner]. As is the case in many research projects, the more the author learns and thinks about the topic, the more complex the issues become, and here the researcher discusses a hypothesis that proved incorrect. London: Sage, 1999; Gay,L. Whinner, N. (2015). The true cost of high-fat fast food for low-income families. R. and Peter Airasain. Selecting the most convincing and relevant evidence as the focus is, however, and the raw data can usually be made available via a university’s website or a journal’s online archives for expert readers and future researchers. Method Whether a brief general statement or a longer explanation of how the research will proceed appears among your introductory material, it is in the Method section that you should report exactly what you did to conduct your investigation, explain the conditions and controls you applied to increase the reliability and value of your research, and reveal any difficulties you encountered. Their, Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. (2017, Autumn). Following this opening a brief introduction to published scholarship and other issues associated with the problem would be appropriate, so here the researcher might add a paragraph or two discussing: • A selection of recently published studies that investigate the effect of inexpensive fast-food restaurants on the health of low-income families, especially their children (Shunts, 2013; Whinner, 2015).• Fast-food restaurants that have responded to criticism about the quality of their food by offering healthy menu items. ), Modern diets and family health (pp. Discussions should be analytic, logical, and comprehensive. Before designing a quantitative research study, you must decide whether it will be descriptive or experimental because this will dictate how you gather, analyze, and interpret the results. In accordance with Parkson (2016) and Shemble (2017), my research also showed that most families who eat at Pudgy’s do not choose the healthier low-fat menu items, with the limited number and extremely high prices of these items offering little incentive. Empirical Political Analysis: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods. Healthy families take time: The impact of fatty fast foods on child health. The Customer Fact Sheet Recording thorough and equivalent information about every Pudgy’s customer I observed was crucial for quantifying and analysing the results of my study. Write an executive summary to attach at the beginning of the report. In S. Smith & J. Jones (eds.). Quantitative Social Research Methods. Authors are encouraged to observe a traditional structure for organising quantitative research papers, to formulate research questions, working hypotheses and investigative tools, to report results accurately and thoroughly, and to present thoughtful interpretation and logical discussion of evidence. Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. Posted by Rene Tetzner | Sep 4, 2019 | How To Get Published | 0 |. Indeed, I suspect those “poorest families” very rarely visit local restaurants at all, but my observations have revealed a great deal about who does eat at Pudgy’s, what they do when they are there and what kind of value the establishment actually has for Quaintville residents. Results Quaintville Community Newsletter, pp. Discuss how the data was collected. The introduction to a quantitative study is usually written in the present tense and from the third person point of view. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought. The discussion should meld together your findings in relation to those identified in the literature review, and placed within the context of the theoretical framework underpinning the study. Explain why the report is being written in the introduction. The following opening briefly restates primary findings, picks up other important threads from the Results section and sets the stage for discussing the complexities involved in assessing the true value of Pudgy’s to the Quaintville community: that “good old Pudgy’s is the only restaurant in Quaintville where a working family can still get a decent meal for a fair buck, and a comfortable place to eat it too, out of the winter wind where the kids can run about and play a bit” (Chapton, 2017, p.A3) is revealed as more sentiment than fact. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXAMPLE FOR RESEARCH PAPERS, COVER LETTER TEMPLATES TO JOURNAL EDITORS, SAMPLE RESPONSES TO LETTERS FROM JOURNAL EDITORS, WHAT TO DO WHEN YOUR JOURNAL PAPER IS REJECTED, WHEN A JOURNAL EDITOR CLAIMS YOUR RESEARCH IS FAULTY. It can also advise that more research needs to be done before any solid conclusions can be made. Conclusion From there I could see the customers both at the service counter and at their tables, but they could not see me, at least not clearly, and if they did, they paid me no more attention than they did the restaurant employees. The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. An APA research paper would normally include additional elements such as an abstract, keywords and perhaps tables, figures and appendices similar to those referred to in the example. It would be equally erroneous, however, to insist that Pudgy’s Burgers has no value for the local community or to call it more of “a hazard…to the health of some of our poorest families” (“Local dive,” 2017, p.1) than any other restaurants serving burgers and chips in Quaintville. This example of a quantitative research paper is designed to help students and other researchers who are learning how to write about their work. The example paper assumes a simple hypothesis something along the lines of “Families do indeed constitute the majority of Pudgy’s clientele.” The exact opposite supposition would work as well – “Families do not constitute the majority of Pudgy’s clientele” – and so would hypotheses exploring and combining other aspects of the situation, such as “Pudgy’s healthy menu options and indoor play area are positive and appealing considerations for families” or “The comfortable atmosphere of Pudgy’s with its play area makes it much more than a restaurant for local families.”. A Results section for the Pudgy’s research project might start like this: The Discussion section of a quantitative paper is where you interpret your research results and discuss their implications. 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