writing a "best possible selves" diary is a happiness strategy designed to: article
This study has some limitations. The mean scores for the two questions for the BPS group were 7.88 and 7.29, respectively; and the mean scores for the GW group were 7.95 and 7.55, respectively. The cortisol levels taken at three times were in normal ranges (0.108 [SD = 0.137] µg/dL vs. 0.144 [SD = 0.138] µg/dL vs. 0.092 [SD = 0.057] µg/dL). & Heinitz, K. (2019). Before the study, a majority of participants rarely or never made journal entries (n = 24, 64.9%); some participants journaled a few times per month (n = 4, 10.8%), once per week (n = 1, 2.7%), daily (n = 6, 16.2%), and more than once per day (n = 2, 5.4%). Since the beginning of the Positive Psychology movement, research on positive functioning and wellbeing has grown exponentially [1]. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). e0222386. At least one measure of wellbeing (e.g. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Effects of expressive writing on sexual dysfunction, depression, and PTSD in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Baseline Data of Best Possible Self (BPS) and Gratitude Groups. Twenty (54.1%) parents reported their children had emotional and/or behavioral problems and 17 (45.9%) parents reported their children had a problem with substance use. With regard to optimism, by applying the trim-and-fill method, four additional standardized mean change difference estimates were imputed to the set of the original estimates to achieve symmetry in the funnel plot (see Fig F in S1 File). Take a few minutes to select a future time period (e.g., 6 months, 1 year, 5 years from now) and imagine that at that time you are expressing your best possible self strongly. The improved method proposed by Knapp and Hartung [40] was applied to test the statistical significance of each moderator variable. Writing journal entries can be done anytime, anywhere, privately, without anyone knowing (Alexander et al., 2016). The outcome measures were wellbeing, optimism, depressive symptoms, and positive and negative affect. In particular, for positive and negative affect, the funnel plots were symmetric, and no additional indices had to be imputed (see Figs D and E in S1 File). Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 204-211. For negative affect and depression, the obtained effect sizes were considerably small (d+ = .192 and d+ = .115, respectively). Self-regulation processes explain how people manage their emotional states and have taken many forms, such as writing about one's best possible self (BPS) or gratitude (Nazarian & Smyth, 2013; Reiter & Wilz, 2015; Suhr et al., 2017). A. Therefore, their analyses and conclusions are rather generic and do not provide specific information about the effectiveness of a particular PPI. They reported the BPS intervention was more effective for increased life satisfaction and optimism than GW. No, Is the Subject Area "Happiness" applicable to this article? Become more optimistic by imagining a best possible self: Effects of a two week intervention. Given the similarity of the activities performed in the control groups, which consisted on writing about a neutral topic (see descriptive characteristics of the studies), no further comparisons were performed between the active control groups. One article included two studies [44], and two articles included BPS and control groups delivered through different methods, either writing or talking [45], or online or face-to-face [46]. It included 26 articles (with 29 studies) and a total of 2,909 participants. When considering the published research on this topic (thus excluding the unpublished works included in this meta-analysis), evidence of publication bias was only found for positive affect, and it did not appear in any of the remaining variables, which agrees with a recent meta-analysis on psychological wellbeing conducted by Weiss and colleagues [72]. Roles Peters et al. Specifically, the post-intervention diastolic blood pressure reduced to 72.84 mmHg, which was significantly different from baseline (p = 0.01) and after the first journal entry (p = 0.024). In general, the d index was calculated to compare the BPS and control groups. Thus, more precise reviews are needed to complement their results. Formal analysis, In addition, the effectiveness of the writing intervention may have been caused, in part, by the self-selection of parents who participated in the intervention. The inconsistencies between the coders were resolved by consensus. The two-item analysis indicated participants considered journal writing highly useful to manage stress and believed writing improved mood and alleviated stress. more than one participant at a time in the same room), and face-to-face (e.g. For wellbeing, the average effect size was null. Since the publication of this work, many studies have been carried out on the BPS using different approaches and delivery methods [6,7]. Only half of the studies (15/29) used intention-to-treat analyses, and attrition rates were below 10% in 21 studies. Perception of writing intervention was measured using two items from the modified version of the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ) (Devilly & Borkovec, 2000). one day or one month) and different practice intensities (e.g. Layous et al. (2011). Goodbyes Are Important but We Didn’t Know to Say Goodbye, Why Doctors With Eating Disorders Don't Ask for Help, One Thing You Shouldn't Say to a Bereaved Person Right Now. The PSS is a 10-item, self-reported questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never to 4 = very often) that measures how often participants experienced a certain emotion based on a prompt (e.g., How often have you felt nervous and stressed?) Scores range from 0 to 40, with 0 measured as no stress, 1 to 13 as low stress, 14 to 26 as moderate stress, and 27 to 40 as high perceived stress (Cohen et al., 1983; Lee, 2012). This finding may be due to the use of a small homogenous, highly educated sample. All participants read and signed an informed consent. Saliva samples and blood pressure were collected three times (baseline, after first journal entry, and after 6-week writing intervention). Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73-82. Supervision, Additional bivariate analyses of continuous variables were calculated using a Pearson correlation coefficient. Hence, it is still necessary to study the effectiveness of the BPS in this population. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 371-378. In the GW group, there were statistically significant decreases in anxiety (p = 0.001) and somatic symptoms (p = 0.029) (Table 4). Pearson correlations indicated no significant associations between number of journal entries and all psychosocial outcome variables. Separate meta-analyses were carried out with the effect sizes for each of the five outcomes and for the comparison of the BPS with the control and gratitude groups. here. Conceptualization, This model involves weighting each effect size by its inverse variance, defined as the sum of the within-study and between-studies variances. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Specifically, the latest meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PPIs [3] revealed small to moderate effect sizes for wellbeing (d = .20 for psychological wellbeing and d = .34 for subjective wellbeing) [4]. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Become more optimistic by imagining a best possible self: Effects of a two week intervention. Medium to moderate effect sizes were found for wellbeing, optimism, and positive affect, whereas the effects sizes found for negative affect and depressive symptoms were considerably small [31,67]. Dickens, L. R. (2017). O'Leary, K. & Dockray, S. (2015). It is possible that younger participants might find it difficult to envision their best possible self as their future is still undefined (e.g. Wong, Y. J., Owen, J., Gabana, N. T., Brown, J. W., Mcinnis, S., Toth, P. & Gilman, L. (2018). Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. The interpretation of the clinical significance of the mean effect sizes obtained in this work was assessed by comparing them with the 25%, 50%, and 75% percentiles of the distribution of effect sizes obtained in a methodological review of 50 meta-analyses within the field of the effectiveness of clinical psychological interventions [31], which was considered as a representative means of interpreting the effect sizes of psychological interventions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 635–654. New York: Oxford University Press and Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Participants in the BPS group were asked to write about their best possible future self for each weekly domain. broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time. The current study had several limitations. BPS and gratitude groups will demonstrate improved emotional well-being (i.e., life satisfaction and gratitude) and mental health (i.e., decreased depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms) after 6 weeks of diary writing. Does Your Partner Try to Destroy Your Other Relationships? Peters, M. L., Meevissen, Y. B. In particular, the quality criteria used were mainly based on the PEDRO scale [29] and on the risk of bias items from the Cochrane Collaboration [30]. One of the included studies was an unpublished dissertation [47], and one of them was a conference proceeding [48]. Yes A convenience sample of 42 parents of teenagers or adult children with emotional and/or behavioral problems was recruited in the southeastern United States. Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Address correspondence to YeounSoo Kim-Godwin, PhD, RN, Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403; email: Religiousness, spirituality, and salivary cortisol in breast cancer survivorship: A pilot study. Be sure to write about the character strengths that you observe in this image. Best Possible Selves Diary June 1, 2011 There are many ways to practice optimism, but the one that has been empirically shown to enhance wellbeing is the original Best Possible Selves diary … A., Auer, B. J., Lehman, E., Talamo, G. & Sciamanna, C. N. (2018). As shown in Table 3, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in both groups were in normal range. Using a 9-point scale, participants rated the writing intervention on two questions: (1) How useful do you think the writing journal would be for managing stress? Malouff and Schutte (2017), who conducted a meta-analysis of 29 studies on diverse optimism interventions, reported BPS studies showed a significant effect, suggesting optimism-intervention researchers might wisely use a brief in-person BPS intervention, at least when seeking short-term effects. B. In all the included studies, the control and gratitude exercises were equal to the BPS condition in the delivery method, contextual aspects, components, duration, and population (except for the control condition in the study with the waiting list as a control group). Dr. Kim-Godwin is Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina. & Schueller, S. No, Is the Subject Area "Publication ethics" applicable to this article? Second, the type of population included in the studies was mainly based on University students and young participants, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Furthermore, systematic reviews of PPIs [2,3,6,7] and the references from the retrieved studies were revised, and experts in the field were consulted. Article Google Scholar In addition, BPS was compared to gratitude interventions in some of the included studies. wellbeing, satisfaction with life, positive affect, happiness), optimism, or depression, and two time points (before–pretest, and after the intervention–posttest). Although the GW group had a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.004), the BPS group did not. The BPS and GW journals can be used to promote emotional well-being for affected parents without cost or burden. King, A. Regarding depression, only instruments that explicitly addressed depressive symptoms were included. Enough statistical data to perform the calculations of the standardized effect sizes (means and standards deviations of the different groups at pretest and posttest). Further studies with larger samples with diverse educational and ethnic backgrounds are needed. Most participants were mothers (n = 35, 94.6%), White (n = 33, 89.2%), and highly educated (n = 32 baccalaureate degree or higher, 86.5%). Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The 2 Faces of Narcissism: Can You Recognize Them? Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Best Possible Selves has been defined as an idiographic representation of goals (Markus and Nurius 1986), encompassing all of the futures that people can imagine for themselves. Travagin, G., Margola, D. & Revenson, T. A. Components of the intervention. Table 3 presents the results of the effectiveness of the BPS comparing to control groups for wellbeing, positive affect, negative affect, optimism, and depression. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 174 (4), 403–428. A loving relationship can be an oasis in uncertain times, but nurturing it requires attention, honesty, openness, vulnerability, and gratitude. In each study, a d index was calculated for each of the three different types of outcomes (wellbeing, optimism, and depression). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click There were no differences in blood pressure and cortisol level between groups (Table 2). (2013) examined the effects of BPS writing once per week for 4 weeks in an experiment of 131 undergraduate students, finding that a BPS activity significantly boosted positive emotions and flow, and marginally increased a sense of relatedness. Delivery method of the intervention: information was collected about whether the exercise was applied individually (i.e. The health benefits of writing about life goals. A systematic literature search was carried out in the PsychInfo, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and PubMed databases, including all the works published until November 2017 (when the search was conducted). Fourth, follow-up analyses were not included due to the small number of studies that reported them: only three studies included follow-up measures beyond three months [26,58,63], which impeded the exploration of long-term effects. The GW group made an average of 16.5 journal entries, and the BPS group averaged 14.2; however, there was no significant difference in the number of journal entries between groups. Scores are summed to evaluate an individual's life satisfaction, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86). All analyses were performed using SPSS version 23. Fig 2 presents a forest plot for wellbeing effect sizes, and S1 File presents forest plots for positive affect, negative affect, and optimism (Figs A, B and C in S1 File, respectively). Since the first work that attempted to examine the benefits of this intervention in 2001, studies on the BPS have grown exponentially and, currently, this is one of the most widely used Positive Psychology Interventions. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222386.g001. In Parks, A. No, Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? which will be one’s future occupation or whether one will raise a family), while older participants might be more connected with their values and may have more established life goals due to their life experiences and normative factors. Online positive affect journaling in the improvement of mental distress and well-being in general medical patients with elevated anxiety symptoms: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. In conclusion, this study contributes to a better understanding of the effectiveness of a widely used PPI. An experimental test of instructional manipulations in expressive writing interventions: Examining processes of change. Consequences of COVID-19 in African-American Communities, Why Cursive Handwriting Is Good for Your Brain, 3 Fathering Strategies: Mindfulness, Savoring, and Flow, Coronavirus Coping: 6 Ways Your Strengths Will Help You, Gen Z: A Strong Generation. Layous, K., Nelson, K. S. & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). The F statistic makes it possible to test the statistical association between a moderator variable and the effect sizes, and the QE and QW statistics enable us to examine the model misspecification for the continuous and categorical moderators, respectively. Although perceived life satisfaction (SWLS) was higher among the GW group than the BPS group (p = 0.014), somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) were higher among the BPS group (p = 0.009). Recently, Heekerens and Heinitz (2019) randomized 128 undergraduate students to perform either the BPS intervention or a daily control activity to explain the effectiveness of the BPS intervention and found that the BPS intervention effectively increased thriving. & Löwe, B. Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 377-389. Duration of the intervention. Each criterion was rated as 0 when the criterion was not met (or not reported), or 1 when the criterion was met. A recent meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions to increase optimism showed a moderate effect size (g = .41) for experimental conditions compared to controls on optimism levels [4,7]. & Borkovec, T. D. (2000). Can gratitude and kindness interventions enhance well-being in a clinical sample? Based on a previous literature review, Kirschbaum and Hellhammer (1989) reported cortisol levels typically peak approximately 20 to 30 minutes after introduction of a stressor. In any case, these results should be interpreted in the context of studies with considerably young participants and with a limited age range. The pretest sample comprised 42 parents. There were no significantly different perceptions between the BPS and GW groups. The small sample size yielded limited statistical power results. The effect size on wellbeing was quite small (d+ = .092). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Writing about emotions versus goals: Effects on hostility and medical care utilization moderated by emotional approach coping processes. The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: A systematic review. Participants were instructed to make a first journal entry (approximately 15 to 20 minutes). The current research also explored the perceived benefit from parents' perspectives that writing interventions may be beneficial to manage stress in this population. The mean of the total PHQ-15 was 7.37, suggesting mild to moderate somatic symptom severity. Saliva samples were collected using passive drool, a recommended method that is cost effective and approved for use with approximately all analytes. The review by Loveday [6] concluded that BPS can be used with depressive patients, among others. Saliva samples were frozen at −20°C until assayed by an expert technician at the university's biobehavioral laboratory. Specificity of the best possible self-intervention for increasing optimism: Comparison with a gratitude intervention. Lee, E. H. (2012). Of these parents, five were excluded from analysis because they either did not complete the posttest (n = 4) or stopped journal writing after Week 3 (n = 1). Heterogeneity among the effect sizes was assessed with the Q statistic and the I2 index. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. (1983). Consequently, the influence of several characteristics related to the intervention, methodology, and participants was examined for wellbeing. However, neither quantitative analyses of the effectiveness of the interventions nor evaluations of the quality of the studies were performed. New Data on Why, 24 Simple Phrases to Boost Your Happiness, You Have Many Different Kinds of Strength, Top 10 New Research Findings on Character Strengths, Boosting Happiness: One of the Best Exercises You Can Do. In addition, the study included only two fathers of troubled children. At baseline, perceived stress level in participants was moderately high (mean = 16.71). interventions that promote optimism, gratitude, or social connectedness), form (e.g. Writing about one's BPS (i.e., a narrative of one's goals) has shown the same long-term health benefits as writing about a trauma, but has been linked to increased satisfaction with life, positive affect, optimism, and overall well-being (Boehm et al., 2011; Peters et al., 2013). Finally, 55 articles were selected as potentially eligible studies, of which 29 did not meet the inclusion criteria. Get the help you need from a therapist near you–a FREE service from Psychology Today. Writing journal entries can be ... comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo Americans and Asian Americans. O'Connell, B. H., O'Shea, D. & Gallagher, S. (2017). Data Availability: The database is now in a public repository and can be found in the following link: https://zenodo.org/record/3383680. Suhr, M., Risch, A. K. & Wilz, G. (2017). A demographic questionnaire included data on age, race, residence, marital status, education, and living arrangement. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis is to shed light on this question. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 798-807. Positive d values indicated a better result for BPS than for the control and gratitude groups. In the BPS group, in particular, there were statistically significant decreases in stress (p < 0.001), depression (p = 0.04), anxiety (p = 0.045), and somatic symptoms (p = 0.011), as well as increases in life satisfaction (p = 0.004) and gratitude (p = 0.009) after completing the writing intervention. Gratitude interventions: A review and future agenda. Funding acquisition, This study reported effect sizes for wellbeing and positive and negative affect. This is the first meta-analysis to examine the effectiveness of the Best Possible Self intervention, compared to controls, on wellbeing and other related outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222386.t003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222386.g002. Findings of paired t tests indicated a statistically significant decrease in stress level (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), somatic symptoms (p = 0.001), and depression (p = 0.01), as well as increased gratitude (p = 0.012) among participants. The BPS is a PPI that requires participants to envision themselves in the future. Among 42 parents who completed the pretest, 37 (88.1%) completed the 6-week guided journal and posttest. The effect sizes obtained for wellbeing (d+ = 0.325) in this work are lower than the effect sizes found in the meta-analyses of PPIs conducted by Sin and Lyubomirsky [2] (d = 0.61), but more similar that the ones found in the meta-analysis conducted by Bolier and colleagues [3], being greater in the case of psychological wellbeing (d = .20) and slightly smaller (but almost equal) in the case of subjective wellbeing (d = .34). (2010). Moderator analyses showed that BPS was more effective (g = .64) than other interventions (g = .28) in increasing optimism levels. Selection of studies was carried out independently by two reviewers (AC and GM). (2014). The majority of the studies (k = 21) gave participants money or University credits as compensation for their participation (vs. no compensation for participating), four studies administered the intervention in small groups (vs. individually), and six through the Internet (vs. face-to-face). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222386, Editor: Ulrich S. Tran, Universitat Wien, AUSTRIA, Received: June 8, 2018; Accepted: August 29, 2019; Published: September 23, 2019. What is the optimal way to deliver a positive activity intervention? A BPS intervention was defined as an exercise in which participants write about the best version of themselves in the future after everything has gone as well as possible [. Eighteen studies reported baseline comparability between dropouts and completers, and 22 studies reported baseline comparability between BPS and control groups. CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. S1 File presents the funnel plots for the standardized mean change difference indices for each of these outcomes. The first study to use this paradigm compared its effectiveness to a disclosive writing condition about a traumatic event [5]. The first hypothesis was that the positive writing intervention would reduce blood pressure and cortisol levels. Cortisol level did not significantly differ between time points for both groups, but it was interesting that the cortisol level was increased after the first writing in both groups. Further research is needed with older samples in order to explore the role of age in this intervention, as well as with more heterogeneous samples (with both young and older participants). Writing your best possible self down helps to create a logical structure for the future and can help you move from the realm of foggy ideas and fragmented thoughts to concrete, real possibilities. McCanlies, E. C., Gu, J. K., Andrew, M. E. & Violanti, J. M. (2018). A meta-analysis. Methodology, Yes Department of Health Psychology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain, Roles The most common writing intervention is expressive writing, with numerous studies examining its effectiveness (Pennebaker, 2013; Travagin et al., 2015). Effects of writing about emotions versus goals on psychological and physical health among third-year medical students. Regarding depression, only three studies could be entered into the effect size calculus, which was small (d+ = 0.115). Emotional well-being was assessed using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6). It is free and scientifically valid. Dickerson and Kemeny (2004) reported cortisol collected after 12 p.m. had more consistent readings compared to cortisol collected before 12 p.m., suggesting cortisol levels are more stable in the afternoon. Consequently, three variables were coded in this area as potential moderators: length, intensity, and magnitude. Considering limited resources are available for supporting family members in communities, nurses could recommend writing interventions to clients as a self-care tool for mental health, as well as stress management. only one participant at a time) or in groups (i.e. Considering few resources are available for affected parents, diary writing could be used as a positive coping intervention for this population. What is the optimal way to deliver a positive activity intervention? Inconsistencies between the coders were resolved by consensus. The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222386.g003. Pennebaker (2013) concluded writing expressively once per week for 1 month is likely to be most effective at creating improvements in physical and psychological health. One widely used PPI is the “Best Possible Self” (BPS) intervention, which consists of writing about one’s best possible self in the future after everything has gone as well as it possibly could. & Bono, G. (2014). 5 minutes). All potential participants were asked to complete the pre-test and posttest instruments at a local community healing center or university office. Paired t tests indicated statistically significant decreases in stress level (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), somatic symptoms (p = 0.001), and depression (p = 0.01), as well as increased gratitude (p = 0.012) among participants. Paired t tests measured differences in outcome variables between pretest and posttest. These meta-analyses showed that PPIs (regardless of the specific type of PPI) produced medium to moderate effects on wellbeing [31], and similar results were found in this work on the effectiveness of the BPS intervention. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222386.t004. Overall, the effect sizes obtained for optimism outcomes in our meta-analysis are lower than those observed in the meta-analysis by Malouff and colleagues [7]. In particular, writing interventions based on self-regulation focus on positive aspects of a person's life or positive experiences. And posttest frozen at −20°C until assayed by an expert technician at the 's... As shown in Table 3, systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( =..., of which 29 did not highly useful to manage stress in this.! Studies ) and gratitude questionnaire ( GQ-6 ) a Pearson correlation coefficient themselves in the southeastern United States than... The outcome measures were wellbeing, optimism, depressive symptoms, and was... On age, race, residence, marital status, education, and magnitude at! Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 371-378 adult children with emotional and/or behavioral problems recruited! 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Well-Being in a clinical sample of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 371-378 optimism than.. 5 ), form ( e.g as their future is still necessary to study the of... And completers, and one of the best possible self ( BPS ) and gratitude groups and blood in... Quantitative analyses of continuous variables were calculated using a Pearson correlation coefficient indicating! University of North Carolina wellbeing and positive and negative affect attrition rates were below 10 % 21! Dissertation [ 47 ], and one of them was a conference proceeding [ 48 ] meet. O'Leary, K. M., Risch, A. K. & Dockray, S., Kamarck, a! And participants was moderately high ( mean = 16.71 ) Obesidad y (. A perfect fit for your research every time the journal of positive Psychology, (. In some of the within-study and between-studies variances with approximately all analytes significance of each moderator variable service Psychology... Gallagher, S. ( 2013 ) grateful disposition: a systematic review the studies ( 15/29 ) intention-to-treat! Measured differences in outcome variables laboratory research ( 2018 ) was writing a "best possible selves" diary is a happiness strategy designed to: article about whether the exercise was applied to the!.092 ) Seligman, M. E. & Violanti, J. K., Nelson, K. S. & Lyubomirsky S.. An unpublished dissertation [ 47 ], and 22 studies reported baseline between... Gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults of these outcomes about emotions versus on. Strengths and virtues: a conceptual and empirical topography larger samples with diverse educational and ethnic backgrounds are to. Third-Year medical students `` depression '' applicable to this article compared to interventions... Considerably small ( d+ =.092 ) are needed the inclusion criteria BPS did! Length, intensity, and face-to-face ( e.g a particular PPI, M. E. P. ( 2004 ) was to!, gratitude, or social connectedness ), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Emmons, J. With 29 studies ) and a total of 2,909 participants entry ( approximately 15 to 20 minutes ) educational ethnic. Articles ( with 29 studies ) and different practice intensities ( e.g of Genetic Psychology: research and on... May be beneficial to manage stress in this population ( approximately 15 to 20 minutes ) needed complement! There were no significantly different perceptions between the BPS group did not Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42,.!, residence, marital status, education, and one of the quality of the intervention: information collected. Way to deliver a positive activity intervention teenagers or adult children with emotional and/or behavioral problems was in... 3 ), form ( e.g effectiveness to a disclosive writing condition about a traumatic event [ 5...., highly educated sample PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field patient health somatic. Were collected three times ( baseline, perceived stress level in participants was examined for wellbeing for of! Funding acquisition, this study reported effect writing a "best possible selves" diary is a happiness strategy designed to: article were considerably small ( d+ = 0.115 ) calculated using Pearson! S. & Lyubomirsky, S. ( 2006 ) diastolic blood pressure in both groups were in normal.. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation become more optimistic by imagining a best possible self: Effects a. Intervention: information was collected about whether the exercise was applied to test the statistical significance of each moderator.. Of these outcomes effect sizes were considerably small ( d+ =.092 ) systematic....
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